The word Haj, linguistically, means heading to a place for the sake of visiting; in Islamic terminology, it implies heading to Makkah to observe the rituals of pilgrimage.
Haj is obligated by Allah upon every Muslim, male and female, who is physically and financially capable. It is obligatory only once during the lifetime of a Muslim. Allah Almighty Says (what means): “…And [due] to Allah from the people is a pilgrimage to the House – for whoever is able to find thereto a way….” [Quran 3:97]
The Prophet sallallaahu ‘alayhi wa sallam said: “Islam is built upon five (pillars): the testimony that none has the right to be worshipped except Allah and Muhammad is the Messenger of Allah, the establishment of the prayer, paying Zakaat, Haj to the House (i.e. Ka’bah,) and fasting in Ramadan.” [Al-Bukhari and Muslim]
The Prophet sallallaahu ‘alayhi wa sallam also said: “Haj is mandated once, so whoever does it more (than that), then it is supererogatory.” [Abu Daawood and Ahmad]
Haj was prescribed in the sixth year after Hijrah (migration) upon the revelation of the following verse in which Allah Says (what means): “And complete the Haj and ‘Umrah for Allah…”[Quran 2:196]
Haj is not a new institution introduced by Islam, rather it is as old as the Ka’bah itself. Allah Almighty Says (what means): “Indeed, the first House [of worship] established for mankind was that at Bakkah [i.e., Makkah] – blessed and a guidance to the worlds.” [Quran 3:96]
The whole origin of Haj is rooted to the acts of devotion of Prophet Ibraaheem, may Allah exalt his mention. This demonstrates that Muhammad sallallaahu ‘alayhi wa sallam did not innovate this institution, all he did was to clear it of all the evil practices that had crept into it. After a few centuries of the death of Ibraaheem and his son Ismaa’eel, may Allah exalt their mention, people abandoned their teachings and gradually went astray, like all other people around them. Hundreds of idols were installed in the Ka’bah, which was built by Ibraaheem and Ismaa’eel, may Allah exalt their mention, as a centre for the worship of the One True God. Ironically enough, idols were made after the image of Ibraaheem and Ismaa’eel too, whose whole lives had been spent eradicating idol-worship. The descendants of Ibraaheem, may Allah exalt his mention, who had himself repudiated all idols, began to worship idols. The Ka’bah was turned into a type of temple for idol-worship and superstition. This predicament lasted for about two thousand years, until the advent of Prophet Muhammad sallallaahu ‘alayhi wa sallam.
Haj is rightly said to be the perfection of faith, since it combines in itself all the distinctive qualities of other obligatory acts of prayer, patience, privation of amenities of life, devotion, Zakaat (alms), slaughtering the sacrifice and supplication. In fact, the physical pilgrimage is a prelude to the spiritual pilgrimage to Allah when man would bid goodbye to everything of the world and present himself before Him as His humble servant saying: ‘Here I am before You, my Lord, as a slave.’
There are three forms of Haj:
- Haj At-Tamattu’: This is where a pilgrim assumes Ihraam for ‘Umrah only, during the months of Haj, which means that when he reaches Makkah, he makes Tawaaf and Sa’i for ‘Umrah. Then he shaves or clips his hair. On the eighth day of Thul-Hijjah, the pilgrim assumes Ihraam again for Haj only and carries out all of its requirements.
- Haj Al-Ifraad: This is where a pilgrim assumes Ihraam for Haj only. When he reaches Makkah, he performs Tawaaf for his arrival and Sa’i for Haj. He does not shave or clip his hair as he does not disengage from Ihraam. Instead, he remains in Ihraam until after he stones the Jamratul–’Aqabah on ‘Eed day. It is permissible for him to postpone his Sa’i for Haj until after his Tawaaf for Haj (i.e. Tawaaf Al-Ifaadhah).
- Haj Al-Qiraan: This is where a pilgrim assumes Ihraam for both ‘Umrah and Haj, or he assumes Ihraam first for ‘Umrah, then makes his intention for Haj before his Tawaaf for Haj. The obligations on one performing Ifraad are the same as those on one performing Qiraan, except that the latter must slaughter whereas the former is not obligated to do so.
The best of the three forms is Tamattu’. It is the form that the Prophet sallallaahu ‘alayhi wa sallam encouraged his followers to perform.
Haj is undertaken in company with all the other pilgrims. The months of Haj are: Shawwal, Thul-Qi’dah and Thul-Hijjah (the last three months of the Hijri calendar). One can perform ‘Umrah for Haj At-Tamattu’ at any time within these three months (i.e. he may perform ‘Umrah during the Haj season, and then subsequently making Haj the same year at the fixed time, beginning on the eighth day of Thul-Hijjah).
The Makkan territory is sacred. The pilgrim enters this territory in a state of Ihraam (a state in which one is forbidden to do certain things that are otherwise permissible).
Ehraam, for men, entails wearing a special garment. A male pilgrim is not allowed to wear form-fitting clothes or to cover his head or hands with gloves, or his feet with socks or shoes. This is done in order to foster a sense of humility and a feeling of brotherhood among the Muslims.
The male pilgrim’s garment consists of two sheets of white woollen or cotton cloth, of which one is wrapped around the waist and reaches below the knees and above the ankles, while the other is wrapped around the upper part of the body. The head and the right shoulder are left uncovered during Tawaaf. This attire is for males, whereas females have to cover all of their body except the face and hands.
Before donning this dress, the pilgrim is recommended to take a bath (Ghusl). A man in Ehraam is consecrated. He cannot hunt, pick plants, shed blood, or have sexual intercourse or partake in whatever leads to it.
The excellence of Haj:
- It is one of the best deeds:Abu Hurayrah, may Allah be pleased with him, reported that the Prophet sallallaahu ‘alayhi wa sallam was once asked: “What is the best deed?” He replied: “To believe in Allah and His Messenger.” The enquirer then asked: “What next?” The Prophet sallallaahu ‘alayhi wa sallam replied: “To fight in the cause of Allah.” He again asked: “What is the next best thing?” He sallallaahu ‘alayhi wa sallam replied: “Haj ‘Mabroor’ (i.e., the Haj that is free of sin and all its pillars and conditions are fulfilled).”[Al-Bukhari]
- It is a form of Jihaad:Al-Hasan Ibn ‘Ali, may Allah be pleased with him and his father, said that a man came to the Prophet sallallaahu ‘alayhi wa sallam and said: “I am a coward and a weak person. Is there anything I can do?” The Prophet sallallaahu ‘alayhi wa sallam replied: “You may go for a Jihaad that involves no fighting, that is, Haj.” [‘Abdur-Razzaaq and At-Tabaraani]
The Prophet sallallaahu ‘alayhi wa sallam also said: “Haj is the Jihaad for the old, the weak and the women.” [An-Nasaa’i]
- It wipes away past sins:Abu Hurayrah, may Allah be pleased with him, reported that the Prophet sallallaahu ‘alayhi wa sallam said: “He who performs Haj seeking Allah’s pleasure and avoids all lewdness and sins (therein) will return after Haj free from all sins, just as he was on the day his mother gave birth to him.” [Al-Bukhari and Muslim]
- Pilgrims are the Guests of Allah:The Prophet sallallaahu ‘alayhi wa sallam said: “Pilgrims and those performing ‘Umrah are Allah’s guests; their prayers are answered and their supplications for forgiveness are granted.” [An-Nasaa’i and Ibn Maajah]
- The Reward of Haj is Paradise:The Prophet sallallaahu ‘alayhi wa sallam said: “All sins committed in between the performance of one ‘Umrah and the next are expiated and erased, and the reward of Haj ‘Mabroor’ is nothing save Paradise.” [Al-Bukhari and Muslim]
